Information Systems Development Philosophies and Methodologies, and Essay

Information Systems Development Philosophies and Methodologies, and System Analysis - Essay Example The data is then made accessible to the doctors and the nurses and then they have the power to sort the system at the will or in accordance to the hospitals guidelines or according to emergency disasters (Lakha and Moore, 34; Turegano and Perez-Diaz, 441). The updated information is what is fed back into the original triage and made available for patients to watch on a live monitor. As more patients get into the hospital and are registered, many more will tend to have more severe cases and thus, depending on the mode of selection by the doctors to determine who should be served first, there are patients who will feel neglected. This will tend to resume the past squabbles as outlined by the previous system. The system development process is thus fairer in that the problems trying to be rooted out are partly done. To avert the problem noted in the profile, it is essential that assessment that is more practical be done in terms of the CATWOE checklist. According to Checkland and Scholes (23), in their soft systems methodology, they propose solutions, advising on CATWOE to problems that have no definitive approach. Using the analysis, it will hence be possible to tell out the possible remedies to the problems and proposed solutions. According to Wilson (1) proper judgments will depend on the

Private Equity Deals Essay Example for Free

Private Equity Deals Essay Private equity can be described as investing in a company through a negotiated process. Investment entails transformational, value-added and active management strategy. Private Equity investments can be undertaken following three categories. These are venture capital, Buy-out and special situation investment. Venture capital can be described as an investment to create a new company or expand a smaller company that is presently undeveloped. Buy-out investment involves acquisition of a significant portion of investment in a mature company so as to gain control or ownership of the company. Special situation investment involves changing government regulations or industry trends on investment due to availability of opportunity (Robinson and Cottrell, 2007). This paper will broadly analyze buy out investment in detail, discussing its history, growth, merits and failures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Private equity firms accrue interest on investment through any of the three ways. These include an IPO, sale or merger and recapitalisation. Private equity firms sell unlisted securities directly to investors through private offering or private equity fund which attracts different sources of contributions from small investors who prefer to invest directly to investors due to the risks associated with private equity funds. Private equity fund require a large amount of money to allow entry which cannot be afforded by most private equity firms. Moreover Private equity firms prefer to invest in firms or investors where the firm can accrue returns after a short duration unlike private equity funds which can take up to twelve years to accrue interests. Private equity firms evaluate availability of opportunity to avoid investing in a failing company which, led to heavy capital losses by the firm. The risk has been noted to be higher in venture capital funds (Lasen, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Private equity industry was begun in 1946 by the American Research and Development Corporation (ARD) to encourage private institutions provides funding to soldiers who returned from World War II. ARD aimed to provide skills and funding to the management and this would stimulate success of the companies accrue profits. The success of the industry led to permeation of few wealthy families into the industry in 1970s. The industry focussed more on debt financed leveraged buy-outs (LBOs)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Leveraged buy-out (LBO) occurs when a financial sponsor gains control of a majority of a target company’s stock ownership through the use of borrowed money or debt (Lasen, 2006). A Leveraged buy-out is a widely used strategy where a company acquires another company through significant amount of borrowed money. In most cases, the assets of the acquiring company and the company being acquired are used as security for the loans. Leveraged buyouts allow companies to make acquisitions without committing a lot of capital. In an LBO 70% debt to 30% equity ration is allowed though the debt can amount 90% top 95% of target Company total capitalisation. Private equity firm prefer to sue leveraged buyouts for two reasons. Use of debt that is widely used in US increased financial return to the private equity sponsor. Debts are exempted from taxation and hence the returns from debt are greater that from cash (Lasen, 2006; Robinson and Cottrell, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many countries for example Germany have introduced new tax laws with an aim of discouraging leveraged buyouts through reduction of tax shield effectiveness. The performance of private equity firms that used LBO as their main source of financing went into bankruptcy in 1980s and 1980s.   The insolvency was largely contributed by excessive debt financing amounting up to 97%. This led to higher interest payment that exceeded the company’s operating cash flow. Most companies were taken over by other companies and government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the recent past private equity industry has experienced a boom as noted in Great Britain as well as USA. Most pension scheme companies have invested in private equity firms and in particular LBOs. The size of private equity pool increased by 37% in 1994 in Great Britain. There is great disparity between foreign private equity pool and United States which present possibility of future growth. The rapid growth in the private equity industry has led to poor returns on capital invested. The returns from public equity deals are higher and this challenges the stability of private equity industry in using LBOs as way of financing (Clark and Whiteside, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PED projects were initially known to have positive impact in paediatrics industry. The PED projects however are on the decline. This can be attributed to poor management and appointment of nationals who have worked in public service to oversee them yet they have little experience or knowledge that is needed. The PED has encountered pressure from fear of disappointing former and future employees and this has in most cases resulted in failure or problem in implementation of the projects (Saylor, Swenson, Reynolds and Taylor, 1999). References Clark, G. L., Whiteside, N. (2003) Pension Security in the 21st Century: Redrawing the Public-Private Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Robinson, M. J., Cottrell, T. J â€Å"Investment Patterns of Informal Investors in the Alberta Private Equity Market† Journal of Small Business Management, 45, (2007):11-89. Larsen, D. L. â€Å"Challenges to the Private Equity Industry† Journal of Accountancy, 202, (2006):112-156. Saylor, C. F., Swenson, C., Reynolds, S., and Taylor, M â€Å"The Paediatric Emotional Distress Scale: a Brief Screening Measure for Young Children Exposed to Traumatic Events.† Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 28.1. (1999): 34-70.

Human Remains Curatorship: Ethical or Academic?

Human Remains Curatorship: Ethical or Academic? Abstract Biological objections are always easily evoked the public concern of ethical issue, especially in human remains. And therefore, museum professionals should treat human remains differently and carefully in curation. The public awareness of ethics is changing from time to time. In the past, audiences did not response the concerns of human remains’ that are exhibited in museums, either with the human bones or an open coffin of Egyptian mummies. In 1998, there was no public comment was made for displaying the human remains of a medieval mother and child in Museum of London, and no one disagreed that a museum curator displays human remains in a glass case would had a problem or would be invidious (Swain, 2002). So how do the museum professionals handle human remains exhibitions? Controversial topic of human remains display in UK museums The collections of human remains in museums were becoming sensitive topics over the last thirty years beginning from Western countries (Jenkins, 2003). Museums in Australia and the North America began to response to the repatriation demands about a decade ago, which was given a pressure in the UK or any other western countries to debate this topic sincerely (Appleton, 2002). The focus of ethical concern on human remains is mainly associated with indigenous groups and social changes (Jenkins, 2011). London Bodies exhibition The Museum of London performed London Bodies exhibition in October 1998 to February 1999 (Swain, 2002). The aim of this exhibition was tracing the change of appearance of Londoners since prehistoric times by presented archaeological evidence from human skeletal remains which was drawn upon a very large collection about 18,000 human skeletons (Swain, 2002). The design of London Bodies exhibition was involved a diverse team of specialists including osteologists, curators, designers, press, PR staff and conservators, and also a team of external consultants (Swain, 2002). The exhibition team took careful decisions on how to balance the respect for the human remains and the motivations for the exhibition as well as the display approach (Curtis, 2003). The team put up three very clear warnings outside to ensure people noticed the warning before entering to the exhibition and did not allow children and school parties went into the exhibition without accompanying adults (Swain, 2002). Swain quoted a viewpoint from Parker Pearson’s paper â€Å"Ethics and the dead in British archaeology† that British responses to dead bodies are ambivalent, contradictory and inconsistent and is related to the way how the human remains are treated (Swain, 2002). Swain mentioned the views of London Bodies were conflict. Some of the views from university archaeologists were negative who had have experience of working in North America or Australia where the cultural background of native people believe the disturbance of the dead is unacceptable and unethical (Swain, 2002) but Swain argued that people should not just follow a single set of standards for all human remains display with different cultural background (Swain, 2002). The visitor comments of London Bodies were mostly positive which was given a supporting figure to show that London society did not have a big problem with the display of human remains in an exhibition (Curtis, 2003). The Lindow Man exhibition at Manchester Museum A 2,000 year old man at Lindow Moss near Wilmslow, Manchester, UK was discovered in 1984 who had suffered a violent death (Sitch, 2008). This discovery was provided precious evidence to archaeologists and forensic scientists about the life of people during the late Iron Age and early Roman period (Sitch, 2008). The recent exhibition of Lindow Man a Bog Body Mystery in The Manchester Museum was exhibited in April 2008 to April 2009. This was not the first time exhibition of Lindow Man at The Manchester Museum. Therefore, eight specially-selected contributors proposed new interpretations of Lindow Man in order to explore different meanings to different people (Sitch, 2008). The museum adopted a polyvocal approach aiming to increase sensitivity towards human remains within society more generally by putting alongside of a selection of some the finest Iron Age artefacts and personal items from the British Museum and the Manchester Museum collections, as well as speaker’s testimony from interviews. (Sitch, 2008). However, the polyvocal approach of displaying Lindow Man was aroused unexpected controversy (Sitch, 2008). Some visitors were confused by the polyvocal approach, they did not understand what the museum wanted to express and some visitors were disappointed of the innovative design and expressed that the innovative design was an insult to the ancient dead body (Sitch, 2008). Stich concluded the experience of Lindow Man a Bog Body Mystery exhibition has brought some important lessons to the museum that is good for future reference on how to curate human remains. Importance of public consultation and design review at the development process should be involved in planning an exhibition of human remains even though the academic response of this exhibition was widely favorable (Sitch, 2008). Commercial human body exhibitions Apart from the museum exhibitions of human remains, there is commercial human body exhibitions were emerged since the late 1990s. The original and famous human body exhibition is Body Worlds. Body Worlds is the original commercial travelling exhibitions of real human bodies round the world which is formed by a German anatomist Gunther von Hagens. Gunther von Hagnes claimed that the primary mission of Body Worlds exhibition is health education, leading public audiences to have a better understanding of their bodies and awareness of better health (Institute for Plastination, 2006-2014). With displaying a numbers of real human specimens by his own preservation technique called plastination, including whole-body plastinates as well as individual organs, organ systems and transparent body slices in every single exhibition (Institute for Plastination, 2006-2014). In addition to displaying body plastinates and organs, Body Worlds exhibition does also present some usual health information in an easily understood manner such as displaying healthy and unhealthy organs side by side for audiences to observe the difference (Institute for Plastination, 2006-2014). They show a smoker lung alongside with a non-smoker lung to show the difference between two organs in order to passing a message of healthy life. They also demonstrate the structure of artificial knee and hip joints to let the audiences to observe their function (Institute for Plastination, 2006-2014). Art or Science? Unlikely traditional human remains exhibitions in museums, the presentation of body plastinates in Body Worlds is diversified, in between art and science. The plastinated exhibits not only to show the structure of human body through various forms of anatomical presentation, from exhibiting whole-body plasinates to organs specimen in glass cases and body slices, but also make use of resilience of plastinated bodies to show the different posture of human activities such as dancing, runningetc. and also mimic some classical pose in famous movie such as Titanic Couple. Admittedly, the presentation of plastinated bodies in â€Å"artistic† way can reduce the fear of real human dead bodies displaying in front of the public and strengthen the interaction of the audiences and plastinated specimens, but also lead audiences generate an illusion that the specimen in the Body Worlds exhibition are kinds of art. I criticise the presentation approach of Body Worlds is contradicted to the primary mission of the exhibition which emphasizes health education and science. Referring to the visitor comments from Body Worlds official websites and other public discussion boards, the visitor comments of Body Worlds are two poles but more on positive side. Positive comments are mostly focus on the displaying approach of specimens which is amazing art but do not get much information on health, while negative comments are concerning human bodies are commercialized and are not be respected. In 2011, Body Worlds the Cycle of Life was held in National Taiwan Science Education Center Museum Exhibitions. The aim of this exhibition was â€Å"educate the public about the beauty and fragility of the body, while The Cycle of Life focuses on the process of aging† (Lin, 2011). However, some Taiwanese scholars argued that the whole presentation is an art, public cannot learn anything about human body or receive any health messages from this exhibition, only with very simple explanation text on each specimen. â€Å"It is not a science education†¦..they emphasize education is just for hyping topic for earning admission fees by attracting more visitors† commented by a Taiwanese professor of Medicine who was involved in Body Worlds Taipei exhibition in 2011 (Kuo, 2012). Another issue that was debated before the grand opening of Body Worlds the Cycle of Life at Taipei in 2011 was the two sets of sexual plastinated specimens, which were planning to be displayed in the show. These two sets of sexual plastinated specimens were sparked controversy (Kuo, 2012). The debate was polarized, the supporting side argued that the exhibition is prohibited for age under 18 entry so there is no harm for displaying something about sex; the opponents refuted is the sexual display is only a gimmick and questioned is there something inside so called â€Å"education† of the sexual display? At the end of the discussion, the two sets of sexual plastinated specimens finally did not present in the exhibition (Kuo, 2012). Photo 1) a plastinated exhibit in Body Worlds the Cycle of Life, Taipei, 2011 The photo is downloaded from National Taiwan Science Education Center official website The founder of Body Worlds, Gunther von Hagens, who was born in East German and was in two years imprisonment by East German authorities for political reasons (Institute for Plastination, 2006-2014). His identity evokes the public sensible emotion of which to connect the horrible human experiments at East German in WWII (Kuo, 2012). Moreover, a rumor about the source of plastinated bodies aroused suspicion and controversy. Question of bodies’ source? There was a pregnant woman plastinated body exhibited in the show of Body Worlds the Cycle of Life in Asia. This plastinated specimen touched off a rumor in China regarding to the political struggle in Communist Party of China. This rumor also raised up a concern on human corpse source in human body shows around the world. Photo 2) Chinese pregnant woman at Body Worlds The photo is downloaded from http://bodyworldspictures.blogspot.hk/ The Chinese public suspected the young pregnant woman plastinated exhibit with mature fetus in the current Body Worlds show might belong to Zhang Weijie, a former mistress of the disgraced politician Bo Xilai who went missing (Staff Reporter , 2012). Zhang Weijie was a well-known news reporter of Dalian Television. People pointed out that the skull shape of pregnant woman exhibit looks like Zhang and the near mature embryo inside the body is not possible to be the result of an abortion (Staff Reporter , 2012). Some suspect that Gunther von Hagens had a special connection with Bo Xilai and therefore his had been set up his largest human body plastination factory in Dalian because Dalian government does not have any laws against the processing and exporting of corpses when Von Hagens was keeping a special relationship with the mayor of Dalian, Bo Xilai (Staff Reporter , 2012). There is another rumor that Dalian factory has been closed down since Bo Xilai has experienced his dramatic downfall in 2013. à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ In 2008, ABC news reported a secret trade in Chines bodies which rose up a concern on the source of Chinese bodies was come from executed prisoners without consent (Ross, Brian; Schwartz, Rhonda; Schecter, Anna;, 2008). In an interview on the ABC News program 20/20† with Von Hagnes, he dined all accusation and claimed that all Chinese bodies were given to him by a medical school in China to plastinate for teaching models and he emphasized in the interview all Chinese bodies have never put on public display and the bodies from overseas were given by donors (Ross, Brian; Schwartz, Rhonda; Schecter, Anna;, 2008). Public concerns on ethical issues Other than the controversy of the source of fresh corpses, the human â€Å"artwork† in Body Worlds triggers a different moral stance on social and personal disputes. The dynamic expressions and body vocabulary, death seems to have become lyrical and poetic. The moral nature of death is expelled by art expressions triggers a discussion of human body whether or not should be treated in this way. Under the aura of health education in science and aesthetics, it is filled with the smell of commerce with rendering promotional strategy (Kuo, 2012). Referring to Body Worlds official website, human plastinated specimens are available on purchase (Institute for Plastination, 2006-2014). Although the company emphasizes the trade is only limited to â€Å"qualified users†, this activity commercialise human specimens which are claimed to be collected by donors. Is this commercial trading activity has betrayed the original intention of donors? Although the exhibitions of plastinated bodies are controversial, a numbers of companies have been involved in the hugely profitable shows since the late 1990s (Schwatrz, 2010). Conclusion â€Å"Human remains can reveal information about historic patterns of migration, lifestyle and disease† said by Tiffany Jenkins (Jenkins, 2003). Issues concerning the legally state of body sources and ethical controversy about the use of human remains for public exhibitions have been emerged in museums, cultural authorities and commercial exhibition companies. Museums should take into consideration of different factors such as design, interpretation, management, knowledge and morality when planning new exhibitions regarding human remains. Public response to human remains exhibitions was mixed. Comparing to the case study of The London Bodies in The Museum of London and Lindow Man in The Museum of Manchester, museum audiences tend to accept the traditional approach of exhibiting human remains which is solemn, respectful, carefully treated and imitate the traditional burial mode. Conversely, museum audiences, especially those conservative visitors, dislike innovative approach exhibition of human remains. Innovative is easily to connected to dishonor, disgrace, affront and unethical. However, the interesting point from above stories is that visitors did not feel more antipathetic to Body Worlds exhibitions that allowed audiences to have a close contact with plastinated human remains which are made by fresh corpses, than The London Bodies exhibition in The Museum of London and Lindow Man exhibition with polyvocal approach in The Manchester museum. Although most people expect to see human remains in museums, with changing attitudes towards human remains in society, museum professionals need to re-examine the display and treatment of human remains (Jenkins, 2011). However, the dividing line between acceptance and unacceptance is difficult to define. This is a struggle between public morals and academic studies. Jenkins argued that it is very dangerous if the dividing line is inclined towards the moral side, since human remains provide valuable material memory of past people and past times regarding human evidence, and benefit for today society such as informing changes in dental, surgical and medical practice (Jenkins, 2003). On the other hand, if we only emphasis on academic studies or education without considering ethical issues, such as the concern of the commercialise issue of human remains in Body Worlds, it will be dangerous too. Whatever the dividing line is inclined on either one side could result a profound impact. Therefore, balancing ethical concerns and academic studies may be a key for curating human remains. But what is an appropriate exhibition of human remains? There is no certain answer as the public reaction is emotional and is changed by social values. This question would always be haunted museum curators. Bibliography Anon., 2011. Dr. Gunther von Hagens, Body Plastination at Body Worlds.. [Online] Available at: http://bodyworldspictures.blogspot.hk/ [Accessed 23 3 2014]. Anon., 2011. National Taiwan Science Education Center. [Online] Available at: http://www.ntsec.gov.tw/User/Article.aspx?a=852 [Accessed 24 3 2014]. Appleton, J., 2002. Spiked Culture. [Online] Available at: www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000006DB8A.htm [Accessed 15 3 2014]. Curtis, N., 2003. Human remains: the sacred, museums and archaeology. Public Archaeology Vol. 3, pp. 21-32. Institute for Plastination, 2006-2014. Body Worlds. [Online] Available at: http://www.bodyworlds.com/en.html [Accessed 22 3 2014]. Jenkins, T., 2003. Burying the evidence. [Online] Available at: http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000006DFDE.htm [Accessed 15 3 2014]. Jenkins, T., 2011. Contesting Human Remains in Museum Collections: the contribution of a crisis of cultural authority. [Online] Available at: http://www.materialworldblog.com/?s=contesting+human+remains+in+museum+collections [Accessed 13 3 2014]. Kuo, J.-K., 2012. Corporality and Boundary-work: Museum Exhibitions of Real Human Bodies in Taiwan. Taiwan Museology Quarterly Vol. 26(3), 19 7, pp. 7-20. Lin, K., 2011. Highlight: Body Worlds The Cycle of Life. [Online] Available at: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2011/07/01/2003507115 [Accessed 22 3 2014]. Ross, Brian; Schwartz, Rhonda; Schecter, Anna;, 2008. Exclusive: Secret Trade in Chinese Bodies. [Online] Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/exclusive-secret-trade-chinese-bodies/story?id=4291334 [Accessed 22 3 2014]. Sitch, B., 2008. Courting controversy the Lindow Man exhibition at the Manchester Museum. UMAC Journal, 16th-20th 9. Staff Reporter , 2012. Netizens suggest Bo Xilais former mistress on display in Body Worlds. [Online] Available at: http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120819000054cid=1101 [Accessed 23 3 2014]. Swain, H., 2002. The ethics of displaying human remains from British archaeological sites. Public Archaeology Vol. 2 , pp. 95-100. 1

Can We Say NO To Recycling Essay -- science

Can We Say "NO" To Recycling Lately the earth’s capacity to tolerate exploitation and absorb solid wastes disposal has diminished, due to excess trashing. People dispose lots of stuff, and simply do not care. Therefore scientists found out a way to reuse things and that process was called "recycling". This new approach seemed quite successful at the beginning, until its true identity appeared. Recycling first started as man’s best friend, people were intrigued by this new phenomena. What could be better than using things that were already used. Recycling has been very useful especially that man is constantly consuming, burning up, wearing out, replacing and disposing at an alarming rate.(Durning 1992). However, unfortunately recycling has proven that it is quite costly. Although recycling of wastes material solves the problem of garbage disposal at landfills, and saves resources, it does nevertheless entail large hidden costs in collecting, sorting and manufacturing; therefore, it is necessary for the go vernment to overcome such problems of recycling to be worth while and for manufacturers and consumers to consume less. Recycling has proven its efficiency in solving the problem of garbage disposal at landfills1. By the accumulation of garbage throughout the years, space available for garbage has largely diminished. In the states for example almost 67% of their waste stream ends up in landfills.(Scott 25). This has in fact increased the price of disposal. As Kimball stated "tipping fees" at landfills, is so often prohibitive(3), and some cannot find landfills to dump their garbage. It can cost up to $158 to pick a ton of garbage and dispose it.(Consumer Reports 1994). Beside, these landfills pollute their surroundings area with lots of hazardous materials and contaminate underground water. To discover the contamination of the underground water it would be 12 yeas after the poisons-benzene; formaldehyde; mercury; and BCEE- have actually contaminated the land, and had sunk 24 feet into the ground contaminating about 50 million gallons of underground water.(Dahir 94). Besides these lands could be used i n more useful ways such as building schools, hospitals, or simply turning them into large green areas to purify the air. This problem is practically acute in Egypt, since we do find even in central areas of the city, piles of garbage disposal very near to... ... washed and used several times." (Scott 25). As we can see the benefits are over-estimated, and the costs are under-estimated. What we should do is not only look for an alternative but also look for other ways to improve recycling. The natural resources will not last for ever, eventually everything comes to an end and the end is very near to our natural resources. What is of greater importance is to find alternatives to such resources if they actually become extinct. Recycling is backed by most of the general public, for its ideas of saving the environment, energy, and virgin material. But it is not that good or that efficient it still costs money and is not that safe. "Recycling does not necessarily provide for safer or more environmentally sound disposal than landfilling or incinerators. The recycling process itself generates enormous amounts of hazardous wastes."(Schaumburg 32). In addition it will decrease and maybe solve the problem of the ever increasing pollution. Imagine that every time som! eone throws a piece of paper in the garbage is similar to a person cutting a leaf off a tree. This is what happens when one does so, so recycling was the way to solve such a problem.

Comparing the American Dream of the Transcendentalists with that of The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

Comparing the American Dream of 19th Century Transcendentalists with that of The Great Gatsby The American Dream remains viewed as the success which one obtains. The American Dream has had a great impact on literature as well as an impact on the changing of time periods. The 19th century Transcendentalists’ idea of the American Dream focuses on reaching one’s goals by honest, hard work. On the other hand, Gatsby’s idea of the American Dream in the 20th century centers on becoming successful by way of illegal money that was not acquired through working. Ultimately, the Transcendental and Gatsby’s beliefs reveal a great deal of contrast. The American Dream of the Transcendentalists centers on being all that one is meant to be. First of all, the ideas of the Transcendentalists did not revolve around society and materialistic possessions. Transcendentalists felt that â€Å"society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of everyone of its members†(from Self-Reliance 194). Also, Transcendentalists believed that â€Å"The nation itself, with all its so-called internal improvements, which, by the way, are all external and superficial, is just such an unwieldy and overgrown establishment, cluttered with furniture and tripped up by its own traps, ruined by luxury and heedless expense† (from Where I Lived and What I Lived For 212) and for which the only cure is simplicity. In addition, Transcendentalists believed that man should live life to the fullest by seeking to reach their potential. Thoreau â€Å"did not wish to take a cabin passage, but rather to go before the mast and on the deck of the world, for there I [Thoreau] could best see the moonlight amid the mountains† (from Conclusion 217). Seeking to reach one’s potential means that one must â€Å"Absolve you to yourself, and you should have the suffrage of the world† (from Self-Reliance 194). Furthermore, the Transcendentalists sought self-knowledge through the study of nature. â€Å"Nature never became a toy to a wise spirit. The flowers, the animals, the mountains, reflected the wisdom of his best hour, as much as they had delighted the simplicity of his childhood† (from Nature 191). â€Å"The life in us is like the water in the river† (from Conclusion 217) because some days one rises like the river and drowns out all of ones problems. Most importantly, the ideas of nonconformity and individualism illustrate the Transcendentalist beliefs. â€Å"Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist† (from Self-Reliance 194) shows that every man should have a unique quality that separates him from other men.

The Disgrace of Flag Burning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Disgrace of Flag Burning To Those Who Want To Burn the Flag, just ask permission........ Does the First Amendment give us the right to desecrate the American flag? Or is the flag a sacred symbol of our nation, deserving protection by law? For those who want to light Old Glory on fire, stomp all over it, or spit on it to make some sort of "statement," I say let them do it. But under one condition: they MUST get permission from three sponsors. First, you need permission of a war veteran. Perhaps a Marine who fought at Iwo Jima? The American flag was raised over Mount Surabachi upon the bodies of thousands of dead buddies. Each night spent on Iwo meant half of everyone you knew would be dead tomorrow, a coin flip away from a bloody end upon a patch of sand your mother couldn't find on a map. Or maybe ask a Vietnam vet who spent years tortured in a small, filthy cell unfit for a dog. Or a Korean War soldier who helped rescue half a nation from Communism, or a Desert Storm veteran who repulsed a bloody dictator from raping and pillaging an innocent country. That flag represented your mother and father, your sister and brother, your friends, neighbors, and everyone at home. I wonder what they would say if someone asked them permission to burn the American flag? Next, you need a signature from an immigrant. Their brothers and sisters may still languish in their native land, often under tyranny, poverty and misery. Or maybe they died on the way here, never to touch our shores. Some have seen friends and family get tortured and murdered by their own government for daring to do things we take for granted every day. For those who risked everything simply for the chance to become an American....what kind of feelings do they have for the flag when they Pledge Allegiance the first time? Go to a naturalization ceremony and see for yourself, the tears of pride, the thanks, the love and respect of this nation, as they finally embrace the American flag as their own. Ask one of them if it would be OK to tear up the flag. Last, you should get the signature of a mother.

Thermodynamics Lab

Mark powers Period 2 C physics March 17 Thermodynamics lab I. The purpose of this experiment is to keep a certain amount of water as hot as possible for as long as possible. We also get to use whatever materials we want as long as our product is or is smaller than 20cm. II. For my project I used Styrofoam, tinfoil, insulation, silicone, and a cork. I used the Styrofoam as a box to put the can in and the Styrofoam also acts as a thermal insulation. I used the tin foil because it serves as an insulator and keeps the radiant heat inside the box.Next I used insulation, which does what its name is, it keeps whatever inside of it insulated or prevents convection. I used silicone to block off the holes from the Styrofoam to make a good box for the heat to stay in. finally I used a cork on the top of my can to have the smallest hole for the heat to escape it. III. For this experiment I used Styrofoam, tinfoil, insulation, silicone, and a cork. I also need a thermometer to measure the change in temperature of the water during the course of the experiment.IV. First I cut out Styrofoam to the appropriate lengths and made sure it wasn’t over the 20 cm limit. I then covered the Styrofoam with tin foil and sealed off all the cracks on the inside with silicone. After that I put insulation on the whole inside of the box with enough room to put the can in on the inside. I finally added a cork on the top of the can to make the smallest opening so that the heat had little room to escape to conclude my project. Time| Temperature (C °)| 0 minutes| | 20 minutes| |V. Data VI. 1. I think the most important type of the 3 types of energy transfer that we had to minimize was convection because convection is heat transfer via heating surrounding fluid and then the fluid moves. 2. The sun doesn’t heat us through convection or conduction because for heat to heat through conduction it need to be touching it and we don’t touch the sun, and for conduction is heat transfe r via heating surrounding fluid and then the fluid moves but us humans are solids, not liquids. . Mammals that live in cold climates and cold water insulate themselves with their fur and being cold blooded. The mammals that don’t live in water use their fur as an insulator to keep their warm air inside them and keep the cold air outside, and the cold-water mammals usually are cold blooded so that their temperature doesn’t really change with the cold conditions that they are around all the time. VII. Thermodynamics Lab Abstract: This report will show the acquired understanding of the refrigeration cycle by using first and second laws of thermodynamics. In order to analyze this system several assumptions where made such like an isentropic process at the compressor an isenthalpic expansion in the throttling valve. Diagrams will be provided to depict these thermodynamic processes in addition to computing the heat transferred to the system and the work input to the compressor. Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Table List †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Descriptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Calculation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Discussion. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Objectives:The Refrigeration lab was conducted to gain a better understanding of the refrigeration cycle, Carnot cycle and to compare the ideal cycle. Also, determent the heat transfers by using the mass and energy balance. Introduction: The term â€Å"refrigeration† may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substance under controlled conditions. It also include s the process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a body below the general temperature of its surroundings. In other words, the refrigeration means a continued extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already below temperature of its surroundings.In this lab 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) was used as refrigerant. Since energy cannot be destroyed according to first law of thermodynamics. In a refrigerator, heat is virtually pumped from a lower temperature to a higher temperature. According to Clausius Statement of Second Law of Thermodynamics states that heat will not pass cold to hotter region without the aid of an external agency. Thus, process can only be performed with the aid of some external work. It is thus obvious that supply of power is regularly required to drive a refrigerator.Theoretically, a refrigerator is a reversed heat engine or a heat pump which pumps heat from a cold body and delivers it to a hot body. The substance, which works in a pump to extract heat from a cold body and to deliver it to a hot body, is known as refrigerant. Description of Refrigeration cycle description: Most commonly used refrigeration/heat pump cycle and involves the same four processes as a heat engine cycle but in the reverse order (i. e. evaporation – compression – condensation – expansion/throttling).Figure 1 gives a schematic representation of the four essential mechanical components in this cycle. Heat out 3 2 Condenser Throttle Work in Valve Evaporator Compressor 4 1 Heat in Figure 1: Refrigeration Cycle components Compressor: The compressor in a refrigeration system is essentially a pump. It is used to pump heat uphill from the cold side to the hot side of the system Condenser: The condenser or cooler consists of coils of pipe in which the high pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant is cooled and condensed.Expansion valve: As the high-pressure high temperature liquid refrigerant passes the throttling valve seat ing, its pressure and temperature drop to that of the evaporator. The drop in temperature is changed liquid phase to a mixture of low-pressure and temperature liquid and vapour enter the evaporator without any change in enthalpy Evaporator: The purpose of the evaporator is to remove unwanted heat from the product, via the liquid refrigerant 3 2 4 1 Superheating Sub-cooling Critical Point Liquid Pressure Enthalpy 3 2 4 1 Superheating Sub-cooling Critical PointLiquid Pressure Enthalpy Figure 2: Refrigeration cycle on pressure – enthalpy diagram. In cycle the refrigerant vapour is compressed to a higher temperature and pressure (12). The compressed vapour is then condensed isobarically which results in heat rejection to the surroundings (23). The next step is the adiabatic throttling of the refrigerant to the low temperature and pressure (34). The final step is where the refrigerant is evaporated at low temperature and pressure, which results in the absorption of heat from its s urroundings (41). Theory /Analysis:Figure 3 According to first law of thermodynamics energy (heat, work), cannot destroyed but energy changing from one form to another. ?H+? Ke+? Pe=? Q+? W (1) (Balmer, 2011) Where H=enthalpy, K=kinetic energy, P= potential energy, Q= heat and W= work. In order to simplify the calculation for the energy balance, the following assumptions were made: – Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible throughout the system So, ?H=? Q+? W – In a constant pressure for the condenser (work=0). The heat transfer of the condenser is the heat loss, in other words Q2-3 and is given by:Q2-3= m(h3-h2) – In a constant pressure for evaporator (work=0), he heat gain by the evaporator is equal to Q1-4 and is given by: Q4-1= m(h1-h4) – The work done by the compressor is the same as the work in the cycle and is given by: Q1-2= (h2-h1) – The power drawn by the compressor defined by the following equation: Power= Voltage ? Current ? Power Factor – Coefficient of performance is defined as: COP=Q4-1? Q2-3? -Q4-1 (2) (Balmer, 2011) -The heat transfer water can be calculated from the water flow rates and temperature changes using the following formula where Cp is specific heat capacity:Q= mCp ? T – Convective heat transfer occurs between the air and the refrigerant and this is can be calculated using the following: Qconv= hA (T? -TS) (3) (Balmer, 2011) Where to (h) is convective heat transfer coefficient =25, A= area Sample Calculations: mr=76mlmin ? 1L1000ml? 1m31000ml? 1 min60s= 0. 001505kgs mw, cond=11. 7Lhr? 1m31000L? 1 hr3600s =0. 00322kgs mw, evap=27. 5Lhr ? 1m31000L ? 1hr3600s=0. 00764kgs Q23, cond= 0. 001505kgs ? 83-300kJkg? 1000=-324. 5w Q14, evap= 0. 001505kgs? 260-83kJkg? 1000=266. w Qab, cond=0. 00322kgs? 4. 2kJkg. K ? 34. 9-16. 2K? 1000=253w Qcd, evap=0. 00764kgs? 4. 2kJkg. K ? 8. 4-16. 2K? 1000=-250. 2w W12 =-0. 001505kgs? 300-260kJkg? 1000= -60. 13w COPc=260-83kJkg300-260kJkg=4. 425 P electric compressor=228. 2V ? 0. 79A? 0. 75=135W Results: Heat transfer refrigerant| Heat transfer water| Q2-3 (W)| -326. 54| Q2-3(W)| 253. 07| Q3-4| 0| Q1-4 (W)| -250. 25| Q4-1 (W)| 266. 34| W1-2| -60. 129| COP| 4. 425| Area (m^2)| 0. 162| Q convective 2-3(w)| 87. 062| Q connective 4-1(w)| -41. 904| conv HTC of air (m^2*k)| 25| Total energy balance (w)| -12. 20984307|Carnot Refrigeration Cycle between to two pressure: Figure 4 A reversed Carnot cycle is shown on p-h diagrams in Figures respectively. The processes of the cycle are as follows: The refrigerant is compressed isentropically as shown by the curve 1-2 and 3-4 on p-h diagrams. During this process the T2 temperature of refrigerant decrees from. We know that during isentropic compression, no heat is absorbed or rejected. The refrigerant is now (compressed/ evaporated) isobarically (P2 = P3) and (P4=P3) as shown by the p-h. We know that the heat rejected in 2 to 3 and heat absorbed from 4 to 1.Result: Carnot cycle| kj/kg| h1| 278| h2| 300| h3| 118| h4| 83| COP| 8. 86| Ideal cycle: Fgure 5 A reversed ideal cycle is shown on p-h diagrams in Figures respectively. The processes of the cycle are as follows: Ideal cycle| h1| 250| h2| 275| h3| 100| h4| 100| COP| 6| The refrigerant is compressed isentropically as shown by the curve 1-2 . in the exit of the condenser the refrigerant is in a saturated liquid in curve 3-4 on p-h diagrams. After that refrigerant exit the evaporator in saturated vapour. In a isobarically process 4-1 as shown by the p-h Result:Discussion: It was seen in the refrigeration cycle; Carnot cycle and the Ideal cycle there are different coefficients of performance on refrigerant. If we look at COP formula the low heat is divided by the work in in this case where the refrigerant entered the compressor could significantly hinder the performance of this component by change (superheating). Also the refrigerant leaving the condenser will effect the COP (sup-cooling) . If we compare Carnot cycle to the actual cycle, in Carnot refrigerant super- heating has increased, which will increase the COP.In the other hand, in Ideal cycle the sub-cooling has decreased which the sub-cooling decrease the liquid during expansion to saturated liquid-vapour and increases the refrigerating performance, but by decreases the sub-heating in the evaporator exit from vapour to saturated vapour. Which in this case the COP decreased but it will be higher that the actual cycle. The heat transfer occur in the basic refrigeration cycle, by calculate the energy balance in the cycle. The sum of the energy will not be even close to zero and this violates the first law of thermodynamics.So, there is heat lost in the cycle according to the second law of thermodynamics, heat always flows from a material at a high temperature to a material at a low temperature. For heat to transfer there has to be a temperature difference between the two materials. This heat can be calculated by Convection is the transfer o f heat from one place to a different location by circulating it with a fan or natural movement. Figure 6:Temperature vs. distance condenser Figure 7: Temperature vs. distance evaporator In figure 6 and 7 shows the heat exchange, in figure 6 the cold-water flow co-current with the hot refrigerant.With both entering the same end. This application will be useful to if we want a limited outlet temperature. It’s also useful to drop more quickly temperature because the large difference in the temperature. Where in figure 7 the hot-water flow countercurrent with the cold refrigerant the temperature is achievable by the cold stream can never exceed that of the hot steam. (Ulrich, 2004) Conclusion: This experiment was carried out in order to observe the properties and functions of a refrigeration cycle. With the properties of the refrigerantR134a at all the stages of the refrigeration cycle known, the heat transfer at the condenser and evaporator were calculated. The heat absorbed by the system (evaporator) was determined to be 16 w. The heat given off by the condenser was calculated to being -73. 46 w. The work done by the compressor was also calculated to being -60. 19 W. With this, the refrigeration performance of the cycle was calculated and was equal to 4. 42. Works Cited Balmer, R. T. (2011). Modren Engineering Themodynamics. Burlington, MA, USA: Acadimic Press. Richard M Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau. (2005). Elementary Preincipeles of Chemical Processes (Third ed. . Raleigh, NC: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ulrich, G. D. (2004). Chemical Engineering Process Design and Economics. Durham, New Hampshire, USA: Process Publishing. Appendix: | bar| temp C| l/hr| kg/s| h (kj/kg)| Tatm| 18|   |   |   |   | High P| 9. 1|   |   |   |   | Low P| 3. 25| 3. 25|   |   |   | T2|   | 62. 1|   |   | 300| T3|   | 22. 7|   |   | 83| T1|   | 11. 7|   |   | 260| T4|   | 4|   |   |   | Water Tin|   | 16. 2|   |   |   | Water Con d T out|   | 34. 9|   |   |   | Water Evap T out|   | 8. 4|   |   |   | Ref Flow rate|   |   | 76| 0. 0015048|   | Water Con flow rate|   |   | 11. 6| 0. 003222222|   | Water evap flow rate|   |   | 27. 5| 0. 007638889|   | Voltage|   |